Generally considered the most capable and effective of the Medieval
popes
Declared two crusades
Pope from 1198 to 1216
Born to a aristocratic family
studied canon law and theology
was elected pope at age 37 by the college of Cardinals after studying
theology at the at the university of Paris and canon law at the University
of Bologna
St. Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226
Italian mystic
Founded the Franciscans
Was a preacher
Francis founded Poor Clare in 1212
Based the Gospels, he preached the necessity of a simple
lifestyle
Henry II and Thomas a' Becket
Henry fought with Becket over subjecting the church to his courts
4 of henry’s knights killed Becket
Becket was assigned Chancellor of England appointed by King Henry in
1154
Becket was then appointed archbishop Canterbury in 1161
Becket became a saint in 1173
Magna Carta
A charter by king john of England to the English barons
In 1215 the Barons captured England and forced John to sign their own
charter
limited the kings power and gave some to the citizens
guaranteed freedom of the church and the customs of towns
Frederick II, 1194-1250
Holy roman emperor
King of Sicily
Lead the sixth crusade
emperor from 1220 to 1250 the grandson of Frederick I
German King at age 2 and made himself king of Jerusalem in 1229
Golden Bull of 1356
Issued by the holy roman emperor Charles IV
Concerns imperial election and coronation of electors
Vladimir of Kiev
The grand duke of Kiev
Converted from paganism to eastern orthodox Christianity
Changed the religious history of Russia
Kiev now is Ukraine
built a powerful empire that expanded from Baltic Sea to Black
Sea
Mongol Invasion of Russia
Golden horde name was in reference to a great bode of tartars that
overran Eastern Europe
Slaughtered in inhabitants of Moscow
Genghis Khan led the army
Occurred in 1218
Grand Prince Dimitri of Moscow
Overran the golden hoard
Lead Russian princes to victory over the tartars
Did not end the Mongol invasion of Moscow
Scholasticism
Natural human reason to understand the supernatural content of
Christianity
Incorporate Greece and Rome into Christianity
during the 9 to 17th centuries
emphasized exploring philosophy and theology
St. Benedict
Lived in a cavern; "holy grotto" for three years
Started
monasteries
Communal living
Physical labor
known as the chief of the western monasticism
Bernard of Clairvaux
Was a French saint
Abbot of a monastery at Clairvaux north of Dijon.
Established the rule of the order of knights templars